The service's front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax. After additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a real time traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application. Google Maps began as a C++ desktop program developed by brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. As of 2020, Google Maps was being used by over 1 billion people every month around the world. It offers satellite imagery, aerial photography, street maps, 360° interactive panoramic views of streets ( Street View), real-time traffic conditions, and route planning for traveling by foot, car, air (in beta) and public transportation. Google Maps is a web mapping platform and consumer application offered by Google. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.C++ (back-end), JavaScript, XML, Ajax (UI) “We really hope that we can support that kind of work in any region that really needs this sort of help,” she said. Melissa Lunden, chief scientist of Aclima, said her company is expanding this study to understand air pollution at a larger scale in the Bay Area by deploying more cars equipped with sensors across more neighborhoods in the region. “The solutions to problems of environmental justice really involve (people) rolling up their sleeves and thinking really holistically about all the things that disparately burden their community,” Apte said.ĭr. The researchers hope data from this study, and others like it, will help people understand the finer details of air pollution, which will better equip communities trying to address the issue. "What that speaks to is that ‘Asian’ is just like (a) gross oversimplification of its really complex demographic and lived experiences,” he said. Asians were represented in both extremes - in the least polluted areas as well as the most polluted. The patterns for the Asian community were peculiar, Apte said. “On average, the White population is exposed to lower NO, NO2, and UFP than other groups, with a median exposure 16 to 27% below the total-population median, while medians for the Black and Hispanic/Latino populations are higher by 8 to 30% depending on pollutant,” the study claims. The chart below shows the share of each race and ethnic groups living in communities with different levels of exposure to ultrafine particles, or UFP, which comes a variety of kinds of combustion, cooking, and regional air pollution events, like wildfires. The researchers also found that communities that suffer from environmental justice issues tend to be exposed to a lot of different types of air pollution sources, not just one.
The analysis revealed systematically higher concentrations for Black and Hispanic/Latino people across geographies. The fleet of Google Street View cars drove more than 93 square kilometers repeatedly over the course of 32 months, collecting air pollution data every second, which scientists then combined with demographic data from the U.S. The mobility of the sensors allowed pollution readings to be taken in many more places than are usually captured by government monitors. Aclima’s technology-enabled sensors, which are more sophisticated and accurate than low-cost sensors like those from PurpleAir, were placed on Google Street View cars to capture and store scientific measurements on the go. The data collection for the study was carried out by Aclima, a San Francisco-based public benefit corporation. “We don’t all breathe the same air in the Bay Area or anywhere,” said Joshua Apte, a UC Berkeley air quality scientist involved in the study. What they found was an overall pattern of racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to air pollution, with higher concentrations of pollutants found in predominantly Black and Latino communities. The measurements were taken over a period of 32 months starting in May 2015 using sophisticated air monitors mounted on Google cars. A new Bay Area study using Google Street View cars quantifies the exact size of those disparities.īy measuring the concentration of four major air pollutants - nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, black carbon and ultrafine particles - across a sample of 13 neighborhoods in the Bay Area, the researchers, including one from UC Berkeley, sought to understand differences in air pollution not only between neighborhoods, but also between blocks within the same neighborhood.
(TNS) - Researchers have long known that communities of color, which tend to be lower income, are more vulnerable to air pollution.
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